Table 1 Baseline characteristics of women according to their history of intimate partner violence (n = 6138)
History of intimate partner violence (IPV) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 5206, 84.8%) | Yes (n = 932, 15.2%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusteda OR (95% CI) | |
Area of residence | ||||
Urban | 1913 (36.7) | 307 (32.9) | Reference | Reference |
Rural/remote | 3293 (63.3) | 625 (67.1) | 1.18 (1.02–1.37) | 1.25 (1.06–1.47) |
Education level | ||||
No formal qualifications | 666 (12.8) | 168 (18.0) | 1.90 (1.48–2.44) | 1.74 (1.32–2.30) |
Less than high school/high school | 2497 (48.0) | 468 (50.2) | 1.41 (1.14–1.74) | 1.45 (1.15–1.82) |
Trade/certificate/diploma | 1102 (21.2) | 171 (18.3) | 1.17 (0.91–1.49) | 1.21 (0.93–1.58) |
University or higher | 941 (18.1) | 125 (13.4) | Reference | Reference |
Difficulty on income management | ||||
Easy/not bad/some difficult | 4685 (90.0) | 701 (75.2) | Reference | Reference |
Difficult/impossible | 521 (10.0) | 231 (24.8) | 2.96 (2.49–3.53) | 1.66 (1.36–2.02) |
Marital status | ||||
Married/de facto | 4548 (87.5) | 606 (65.1) | Reference | Reference |
Separated/divorced | 399 (7.7) | 272 (29.2) | 5.12 (4.29–6.10) | 4.29 (3.55–5.20) |
Widowed | 97 (1.9) | 18 (1.9) | 1.39 (0.84–2.32) | 1.30 (0.76–2.23) |
Single | 156 (3.0) | 35 (3.8) | 1.68 (1.16–2.45) | 2.27 (1.45–3.57) |
Age at menarche (years) | ||||
≤ 11 | 883 (17.0) | 184 (19.7) | 1.23 (1.00–1.52) | 1.10 (0.88–1.38) |
12 | 1109 (21.3) | 178 (19.1) | 0.95 (0.77–1.17) | 0.92 (0.74–1.15) |
13 | 1526 (29.3) | 258 (27.7) | Reference | Reference |
14 | 899 (17.3) | 144 (15.5) | 0.95 (0.76–1.18) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) |
≥ 15 | 789 (15.2) | 168 (18.0) | 1.26 (1.02–1.56) | 1.18 (0.94–1.48) |
Number of children | ||||
0 | 458 (8.8) | 54 (5.8) | 0.74 (0.55–1.00) | 0.61 (0.43–0.86) |
1 | 426 (8.2) | 106 (11.4) | 1.56 (1.24–1.97) | 1.31 (1.02–1.69) |
2–3 | 3586 (68.9) | 571 (61.3) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 4 | 736 (14.1) | 201 (21.6) | 1.72 (1.43–2.05) | 1.55 (1.28–1.89) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
Underweight (<18.5) | 90 (1.7) | 16 (1.7) | 1.03 (0.60–1.77) | 0.79 (0.44–1.44) |
Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 2802 (53.8) | 482 (51.7) | Reference | Reference |
Overweight (25–29.9) | 1494 (28.7) | 243 (26.1) | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) |
Obese (≥30) | 820 (15.8) | 191 (20.5) | 1.35 (1.13–1.63) | 1.24 (1.02–1.53) |
Median BMI (Q1, Q3) | 24.5 (22.1, 27.7) | 24.6 (22.3, 28.7) | ||
Perceived stress | ||||
No (stress scores <1) | 4245 (81.5) | 581 (62.3) | Reference | Reference |
Yes (stress scores ≥1) | 961 (18.5) | 351 (37.7) | 2.67 (2.30–3.10) | 2.03 (1.72–2.40) |
Median stress scores (Q1, Q3) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | ||
Smoking status | ||||
Never | 3048 (58.5) | 360 (38.6) | Reference | Reference |
Ex-smoker | 1469 (28.2) | 316 (33.9) | 1.82 (1.55–2.14) | 1.73 (1.45–2.05) |
Current smoker, <10 cigarettes/day | 146 (2.8) | 50 (5.4) | 2.90 (2.07–4.07) | 2.52 (1.75–3.63) |
Current smoker, 10–19 cigarettes/day | 178 (3.4) | 47 (5.0) | 2.24 (1.59–3.14) | 1.80 (1.25–2.58) |
Current smoker, ≥20 cigarettes/day | 365 (7.0) | 159 (17.1) | 3.69 (2.97–4.58) | 2.77 (2.19–3.51) |