Table 2 Effect of non-surgical treatments for urinary incontinence on sexual function

Bo et al [48]

Randomized controlled trial

1. PMFT: 25

PMFT

6 months

B-FLUTS

• Non-significant improvement in pain, urinary-related sexual problems

• Improved

2. Control: 30

Zahariou et al [49]

Prospective case series

Total: 58

PFMT

12 months

FSFI

• Improvement in FSFI and subscale scores (p < 0.05)

• Improved (p < 0.005)

Wang et al [50]

RCT

1. PFMT: 34

1. PFMT

12 weeks

KHQ: Personal Relationship Domain

• Non-significant improvement in Personal Relationship Domain in biofeedback-assisted PFMT group

N/A

2. Biofeedback-assisted PFMT: 34

2. Biofeedback-assisted PFMT

3. Transvaginal electrical stimulation: 35

3. Transvaginal electrical stimulation

Handa et al [52]

Randomized controlled trial

1. Continence pessary: 149

1. Continence pessary

12 months

SPEQ (3 domains), PISQ-12

Responders (vs. non-responders):

• Improved (p = 0.0002)

2. Behavioral therapy: 146

2. PMFT

• PISQ improved (p = 0.007)

• Greater improvement

3. Combo: 150

3. Combination

• Restriction of sex due to UI improved (p = 0.008)

• with combo therapy (p = 0.019) and behavioral (p = 0.02) vs. pessary alone

• Dyspareunia improved (p = 0.017)

Giuseppe et al [51]

Prospective case series

Total: 23

Transvaginal electrical stimulation

3 months

FSFI

Significant improvement in FSFI and all subscale scores (p ≤ 0.01) except arousal, orgasm

N/A

SUI: 8

UUI: 10

MUI: 5

Sand et al [53]

RCT

Total: 2878

1. Patient education & transdermal oxybutynin

12 weeks

KHQ: Personal Relationship Domain

Significant improvement in KHQ score, bladder pain, effect of OAB on sex life, interest in sex

Improved

Female: 2508

2. Transdermal oxybutynin only

Rogers et al [54]

RCT

1. Placebo: 189

1. Placebo

12 weeks

PISQ

Significant improvement of PISQ and domain scores after 12 weeks

N/A

2. Tolterodine: 188

2. Tolterodine 4 mg ER daily

Stable but no continued improvement if used 12 additional weeks except in Physical domain

Danilova et al [58]

Prospective case series

57

Trospium 15 mg three times daily

16 weeks

Unknown

Sexual dysfunction decreased

N/A

Chapple et al [56]

RCT

1. Placebo: 283

1. Placebo

12 weeks

KHQ: Personal Relationship Domain

Patients with OAB, total

N/A

2. Fesoterodine 4/8 mg: 272

2. Fesoterodine 4 mg

Statistically significant improvement in fesoterodine 8 mg (vs. placebo) (mean score change of -11.9 v -6.2, p < 0.05)

3. Tolterodine ER 4 mg: 290

3. Fesoterodine 8 mg

Patients with both UUI & OAB:

4. Tolterodine ER 4 mg

Statistically significant improvement intolterodine (vs. placebo) (-12.7 v -6.8, p < 0.05)

Eftekhar et al [59]

RCT

1. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation and tolterodine 4 mg daily: 25

1. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation and tolterodine 4 mg daily

12 weeks

FSFI

Within each arm:

N/A

2. Tolterodine 4 mg daily: 25

2. Tolterodine 4 mg daily

Significant improvement in FSFI and subscale scores after 12 weeks (p < 0.001)

Between arms:

No significant difference in FSFI, subscale scores

van Balken et al [60]

Prospective case series

Total: 121

Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation

12 weeks

NSF-9

Significant improvement in Satisfaction (p < 0.005), Frequency (p < 0.005), Orgasm (p < 0.05)

N/A

Female: 76

No significant change in dyspareunia, lubrication